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Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy" hass contents: The labor market effects of international trade and production sharing, gender, race, and ethnicity in the labor market, inequality in earnings, unions and the labor market,.and other contents. | CHAPTER 10 Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and Turnover W hile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it was responsible for the settlement of Australia, Canada, and the United States—immigration over the last two or three decades has significantly raised the share of the foreign-born in Europe and North America. For example, the share of the foreign-born in the European population rose from 6.9 percent in 1990 to 9.5 percent in 2010; in Canada, the share of the foreign-born rose from 16.2 percent to 21.3 percent over this period, while in the United States it rose from 9.1 percent to 13.5 percent.1 The dramatic increase in the pres- ence of immigrants, who frequently speak a different language and are often from poorer countries, has stimulated some angry calls for stricter limits or tighter “border-security” measures—particularly in the United States, which shares a long border with a much poorer country (Mexico) and attracts many workers who have not been able to secure an official immigration visa. Proposals to impose stricter limits on immigration, including those to expel immigrants without work visas, are frequently justified with arguments that immigrants lower the wages of natives or otherwise impose a financial burden on the “host” country. In this chapter, we will use economic theory to analyze the decision to emigrate and the labor-market effects of immigration. In the process, we will 1 United Nations, “International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision Population Database: Country Profile,” at http:/ /esa.un.org/migration/. 323 324 Chapter 10 Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and Turnover examine how immigrants are likely to differ from others in personal characteristics (age and future-orientation), and what factors influence whether immigration raises the per-capita real income of the native-born in the host country. We begin the chapter, however, with an analysis of the causes and .