Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Ebook Principles of economics (10th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Principles of economics" has contents: Introduction to macroeconomics, measuring national output and national income, aggregate expenditure and equilibrium output, the government and fiscal policy, the labor market in the macroeconomy, alternative views in macroeconomics,.and other contents. | PART IV CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS IN MACROECONOMICS Introduction to Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is part of our everyday lives. If the macroeconomy is doing well, jobs are easy to find, incomes are generally rising, and profits of corporations are high. On the other hand, if the macroeconomy is in a slump, new jobs are scarce, incomes are not growing well, and profits are low. Students who entered the job market in the boom of the late 1990s in the United States, on average, had an easier time finding a job than did those who entered in the recession of 2008–2009. Given the large effect that the macroeconomy can have on our lives, it is important that we understand how it works. We begin by discussing the differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics that we glimpsed in Chapter 1. Microeconomics examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units, typically firms and households. With a few assumptions about how these units behave (firms maximize profits; households maximize utility), we can derive useful conclusions about how markets work and how resources are allocated. Instead of focusing on the factors that influence the production of particular products and the behavior of individual industries, macroeconomics focuses on the determinants of total national output. Macroeconomics studies not household income but national income, not individual prices but the overall price level. It does not analyze the demand for labor in the automobile industry but instead total employment in the economy. Both microeconomics and macroeconomics are concerned with the decisions of households and firms. Microeconomics deals with individual decisions; macroeconomics deals with the sum of these individual decisions. Aggregate is used in macroeconomics to refer to sums. When we speak of aggregate behavior, we mean the behavior of all households and firms together. We also speak of aggregate consumption and aggregate investment,