Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience2

15 Comprehension.15.1 Introduction."Language is the way we interact and communicate, so, naturally, the means of communication.and the conceptual background that’s behind it, which is more important, are used to try to.shape attitudes and opinions and induce conformity and subordination. Not surprisingly, it.was created in the more democratic societies." - Chomsky.Language is a central part of everyday life and communication a natural human necessityFor those reasons there has been a high interest in their properties. However describing the.processes of language turns out to be quite hardWe can define language as a system of communication through which we code and express.our feelings, thoughts, ideas and experiences.[1].Already Plato was concerned with the nature of language in his dialogue “Cratylus”,.where he discussed first ideas about nowadays important principles of linguistics namely.morphology and phonology. Gradually philosophers, natural scientists and psychologists.became interested in features of languageSince the emergence of the cognitive science in the 50's and Chomsky´s criticism on the.behaviourist view, language is seen as a cognitive ability of humans, thus incorporating.linguistics in other major fields like computer science and psychology. Today, psycholinguistics is a discipline on its own and its most important topics are acquisition, production.and comprehension of languageEspecially in the 20th century many studies concerning communication have been conducted,.evoking new views on old facts. New techniques, like CT, MRI and fMRI or EEG, as.described in Methods of Behavioural and Neuroscience Methods, made it possible to observe.brain during communication processes in detailLater on an overview of the most popular experiments and observed effects is presentedBut in order to understand those one needs to have a basic idea of semantics and syntax as.well as of linguistic principles for processing words, sentences and full textsFinally some questions will arise: How is language affected by culture? Or in philosophical.terms, the discussion about the relationship between language and thoughts has to be.developed.143.Comprehension15.2 Historical review on Psycholinguistics &.Neurolinguistics.Starting with philosophical approaches, the nature of the human language had ever been a.topic of interest. Galileo in the 16th century saw the human language as the most important.invention of humans. Later on in the 18th century the scientific study of language began by.psychologists. Wilhelm Wundt (founder of the first laboratory of psychology) saw language.as the mechanism by which thoughts are transformed into sentences. The observations of.Wernike and Broca (see chapter 9) were milestones in the studies of language as a cognitive.ability. In the early 1900s the behaviouristic view influenced the study of language very.much. In 1957 B.F.Skiner published his book "Verbal Behaviour", in which he proposed.that learning of language can be seen as a mechanism of reinforcement. Noam Chomsky.(quoted at the beginning of this chapter) published in the same year "Syntactic Structures"He proposed that the ability to invent language is somehow coded in the genes. That led.him to the idea that the underlying basis of language is similar across cultures. There.might be some kind of universal grammar as a base, independent of what kind of language.(including sign language) might be used by humans. Further on Chomsky published a review.of Skinner´s "Verbal Behaviour" in which he presented arguments against the behaviouristic.view. There are still some scientists who are convinced that it does not need a mentalist.approach like Chomsky proposed, but in the meantime most agree that human language has.to be seen as a cognitive ability. [edit] Current goals of Psycholinguistics.A natural language can be analysed at a number of different levels. In linguistics we differ.between phonology (sounds), morphology (words), syntax