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Ebook Programing language pragmatics (3rd edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Programing language pragmatics" has contents: Functional languages, logic languages, concurrency, scripting languages, building a runnable program, run time program management, code improvement. | III Alternative Programming Models As we noted in Chapter 1, programming languages are traditionally though imperfectly classified into various imperative and declarative families. We have had occasion in Parts I and II to mention issues of particular importance to each of the major families. Moreover much of what we have covered—syntax, semantics, naming, types, abstraction—applies uniformly to all. Still, our attention has focused mostly on mainstream imperative languages. In Part III we shift this focus. Functional and logic languages are the principal nonimperative options. We consider them in Chapters 10 and 11, respectively. In each case we structure our discussion around a representative language: Scheme for functional programming, Prolog for logic programming. In Chapter 10 we also cover eager and lazy evaluation, and first-class and higher-order functions. In Chapter 11 we cover issues that make fully automatic, general purpose logic programming difficult, and describe restrictions used in practice to keep the model tractable. Optional sections in both chapters consider mathematical foundations: Lambda Calculus for functional programming, Predicate Calculus for logic programming. The remaining two chapters consider concurrent and scripting models, both of which are increasingly popular, and cut across the imperative/declarative divide. Concurrency is driven by the hardware parallelism of internetworked computers and by the coming explosion in multithreaded processors and chip-level multiprocessors. Scripting is driven by the growth of the World Wide Web and by an increasing emphasis on programmer productivity, which places rapid development and reusability above sheer run-time performance. Chapter 12 begins with the fundamentals of concurrency, including communication and synchronization, thread creation syntax, and the implementation of threads. The remainder of the chapter is divided between shared-memory models, in which threads use explicit or implicit