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Ebook Methods and reagents for green chemistry: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Methods and reagents for green chemistry" has contents: Enantioselective metal cata lyzed oxidat ion processes, zeolite catalysts for cleaner technologies, zeolite catalysts for cleaner technologies, biocatalysis for industrial green chemistry,.and other contents. | 8 FORMATION, MECHANISMS, AND MINIMIZATION OF CHLORINATED MICROPOLLUTANTS (DIOXINS) FORMED IN TECHNICAL INCINERATION PROCESSES DIETER LENOIR , ERNST ANTON FEICHT , MARCHELA PANDELOVA, AND KARL -WERNER SCHRAMM , ¨ ¨ ¨ Institut fur Okologische Chemie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, ¨ Munchen, Germany INTRODUCTION Chlorinated micropollutants are harmful for man and environment due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation.1 Persistent compounds are very stable and difficult to get metabolized and mineralized by biological and chemical processes in the environment, and as a result, they have become ubiquitous in water, sediments, and the atmosphere; bioaccumulation is the result of the lipophilicity of these compounds.1 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) are not produced purposely like many of other chlorinated technical products, such as chlorinated biocides DDT, lindane, and toxaphene.2 The production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the “dirty dozen” has now been banned worldwide by the Stockholm protocol.3 It should be mentioned that about 3000 halogenated products have now been isolated as natural products in plants, microorganisms, and animals,4 but the total amount of these products is much smaller compared to xenobiotics. Methods and Reagents for Green Chemistry: An Introduction, Edited by Pietro Tundo, Alvise Perosa, and Fulvio Zecchini Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 171 172 Pulp and paper mills Sewage sludge incineration Chemical production processes Municipal waste incineration Hazardous waste incineration Hospital waste incineration Cement kilns Metal smelting/ refining Traffic (vehicle fuel combustion) Domestic combustion Combustion of wood Combustion of coals and lignite Combustion of oils Outdoor burning of straw Emission Source 5.4 39–399 4 (1–11) 19 (,1 –38) 10 (4– 16) ,1 70 (40 –230) 12 7.0 30 2.1 16 3.7 0.2 0.07 250 80 –240 460 382 0.5 0.3 Netherlands (g .