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Ebook Pediatric uroradiology (2/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “Pediatric uroradiology” has contents: Nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction, urinary tract infection, neurogenic bladder in infants and children, prune belly syndrome, postoperative imaging and findings, renal parenchymal diseases, renovascular hypertension, and other contents. | Nonneurogenic Bladder-Sphincter Dysfunction ("Voiding Dysfunction") Nonneurogenic Bladder-Sphincter Dysfunction ("Voiding Dysfunction") Richard Fotter 14.1 Introduction CONTENTS 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Terminology–Categorization 272 14.3 Incidence 274 14.4 Physiology 274 14.5 Toilet Training (Bladder Control) 14.6 Pathophysiology 14.7 Constipation 275 275 277 14.8 Urinary Tract Infection and Vesicoureteric Reflux 277 14.9 Enuresis and Incontinence 279 14.10 Nonneurogenic Bladder-Sphincter Dysfunction (“Voiding Dysfunction”) in Neonates and Infants 282 14.11 Voiding Cystourethrography (VCU) 14.12 Evaluation 287 14.13 Conclusion 290 References 290 285 R. Fotter, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Radiology, Head Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria Nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction (“voiding dysfunction”) is a very common childhood disorder that all pediatric urologists, pediatricians and (pediatric) radiologists encounter in their daily practice. The most common clinical presentations are recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and daytime and nighttime wetting. If constipation and/or encopresis are associated with nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction (“voiding dysfunction”), it is called dysfunctional elimination syndrome (Koff et al. 1998). One or more of the clinical symptoms of nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction were reported in 26% of 7-year-old Swedish children; most had moderate urgency as a sign of incomplete voluntary bladder control (Hellström et al. 1990). The prevalence of daytime wetting has been reported to be 0.2% to 9% in children aged 6– 12 years, with daytime wetting more common in girls than in boys (Bakker et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2000; Swithinbank et al. 1994). Combined daytime and nighttime wetting occurred in 1.5% to 2.8% (Lee et al. 2000; Gür et al. 2004; Järvelin et al. .