tailieunhanh - Conceptual Graphs

A conceptual graph is a graph representation for logic based on the semantic networks of artificial intelligence and the existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce. Several versions of CGs have been designed and implemented over the past thirty years. The simplest are the typeless core CGs, which correspond to Peirce’s original existential graphs. More common are the extended CGs, which are a typed superset of the core. The research CGs have explored novel techniques for reasoning, knowledge representation, and natural language semantics. | Conceptual Graphs John F. Sowa Abstract. A conceptual graph CG is a graph representation for logic based on the semantic networks of artificial intelligence and the existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce. Several versions of CGs have been designed and implemented over the past thirty years. The simplest are the typeless core CGs which correspond to Peirce s original existential graphs. More common are the extended CGs which are a typed superset of the core. The research CGs have explored novel techniques for reasoning knowledge representation and natural language semantics. The semantics of the core and extended CGs is defined by a formal mapping to and from ISO standard 24707 for Common Logic but the research CGs are defined by a variety of formal and informal extensions. This article surveys the notation applications and reasoning methods used with CGs and their mapping to and from other versions of logic. This is a preprint of Chapter 5 of the Handbook of Knowledge Representation ed. by F. van Harmelen V. Lifschitz and B. Porter Elsevier 2008 pp. 213-237. It has been updated with some recent references and an Appendix with the CGIF grammar. 1. From Existential Graphs to Conceptual Graphs During the 1960s graph-based semantic representations were popular in both theoretical and computational linguistics. At one of the most impressive conferences of the decade Margaret Masterman 1961 introduced a graph-based notation called a semantic network which included a lattice of concept types Silvio Ceccato presented correlational nets which were based on 56 different relations including subtype instance part-whole case relations kinship relations and various kinds of attributes and David Hays presented dependency graphs which formalized the notation developed by the linguist Lucien Tesnière 1959 . The early graph notations represented the relational structures underlying natural language semantics but none of them could express full first-order logic. Woods 1975 and

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