tailieunhanh - Lecture Programming in C++ - Chapter 1: Computing fundamentals

Lecture Programming in C++ - Chapter 1: Computing fundamentals. In this chapter we will discuss: History of electronic computers, John von Neumann, architecture, schematic, main memory, memory access, central processing unit, mass storage devices,. | Chapter 1 – Computing Fundamentals History of Electronic Computers First computer ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) at Iowa State U. 1930’s Solved large numbers of simultaneous equations First “all-purpose” computer ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator) Main idea developed from ABC notes Both had set wiring –data was input to memory Lesson John von Neumann Mathematician Proposed alternative to “hard wiring” Introduced concept of stored program instructions Both data and instructions were stored Led to development of multipurpose computers Lesson Computer Categories Supercomputers Mainframe computers Workstations Personal computers (microcomputers) Laptops More powerful than ENIAC Palmtops Speed and size! Lesson Architecture Four main parts CPU (central processing unit) Main memory Controllers Peripheral devices Hardware Electronic and mechanical devices integrated or connected to computer Lesson Schematic Main Memory Controllers Peripheral Devices CPU . | Chapter 1 – Computing Fundamentals History of Electronic Computers First computer ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) at Iowa State U. 1930’s Solved large numbers of simultaneous equations First “all-purpose” computer ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator And Calculator) Main idea developed from ABC notes Both had set wiring –data was input to memory Lesson John von Neumann Mathematician Proposed alternative to “hard wiring” Introduced concept of stored program instructions Both data and instructions were stored Led to development of multipurpose computers Lesson Computer Categories Supercomputers Mainframe computers Workstations Personal computers (microcomputers) Laptops More powerful than ENIAC Palmtops Speed and size! Lesson Architecture Four main parts CPU (central processing unit) Main memory Controllers Peripheral devices Hardware Electronic and mechanical devices integrated or connected to computer Lesson Schematic Main Memory Controllers Peripheral Devices CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit Register Register Register Control Unit Motherboard Lesson Main Memory Stores information to be process or instructions to be executed Information stored in bits (binary digits) Two states: on or off Byte is 8 bits (character of information like ‘b’) Grouped into packets called cells or words Bit pattern is code Lesson Memory Sizes Represented by 2 raised to a power 23 = 8 bits (byte) 210 = kilobyte Thousand 1,024 220 = megabyte Million 1,048,576 230 = gigabyte Billion 1,073,741,824 240 = terabyte Trillion 1,099,511,627,776 Lesson Memory Access RAM Random access memory Allows access to cells in no particular order Volatile ROM Read only memory Cannot be modified by user Information is permanent (non-volatile) Serial access Sequence of cell followed to extract information Lesson Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit Controls activities of CPU Directs flow of instructions Communicates with ALU Registers Rapid access memory cells Arithmetic-Logic .

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