tailieunhanh - Fundamentals of Microelectronics

Over the past five decades,microelectronics has revolutionized our beyond the realm of possibility a few decades ago, cellphones, digital cameras, laptop computers, and many other electronic products have now become an integral part of our daily affairs. Learning microelectronics can be fun. As we learn how each device operates, how devices comprise circuits that perform interesting and useful functions, and how circuits form sophisticated systems, we begin to see the beauty of microelectronics and appreciate the reasons for its explosive growth | BR Wiley Razavi Fundamentals of Microelectronics v. 2006 June 30 2007 at 13 42 1 1 1 Introduction to Microelectronics Over the past five decades microelectronics has revolutionized our lives. While beyond the realm of possibility a few decades ago cellphones digital cameras laptop computers and many other electronic products have now become an integral part of our daily affairs. Learning microelectronics can be fun. As we learn how each device operates how devices comprise circuits that perform interesting and useful functions and how circuits form sophisticated systems we begin to see the beauty of microelectronics and appreciate the reasons for its explosive growth. This chapter gives an overview of microelectronics so as to provide a context for the material presented in this book. We introduce examples of microelectronic systems and identify important circuit functions that they employ. We also provide a review of basic circuit theory to refresh the reader s memory. Electronics versus Microelectronics The general area of electronics began about a century ago and proved instrumental in the radio and radar communications used during the two world wars. Early systems incorporated vacuum tubes amplifying devices that operated with the flow of electrons between plates in a vacuum chamber. However the finite lifetime and the large size of vacuum tubes motivated researchers to seek an electronic device with better properties. The first transistor was invented in the 1940s and rapidly displaced vacuum tubes. It exhibited a very long in principle infinite lifetime and occupied a much smaller volume . less than 1 cm3 in packaged form than vacuum tubes did. But it was not until 1960s that the field of microelectronics . the science of integrating many transistors on one chip began. Early integrated circuits ICs contained only a handful of devices but advances in the technology soon made it possible to dramatically increase the complexity of .

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