tailieunhanh - Lecture Biology: Chapter 54 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece
Chapter 54 - Community ecology. This chapter distinguish between the following sets of terms: competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis; fundamental and realized niche; cryptic and aposematic coloration; batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry; parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism; endoparasites and ectoparasites; species richness and relative abundance; food chain and food web; primary and secondary succession; | Chapter 54 Community Ecology Overview: A Sense of Community A biological community is an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction Fig. 54-1 Figure How many interactions between species are occurring in this scene? Concept : Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved Ecologists call relationships between species in a community interspecific interactions Examples are competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (–), or no effect (0) Competition Interspecific competition (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply Competitive Exclusion Strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion, local elimination of a competing species The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place Ecological Niches The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche An ecological niche can also be thought of as an organism’s ecological role Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches Resource partitioning is differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community Fig. 54-2 A. ricordii A. insolitus usually perches on shady branches. A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. aliniger A. distichus A. insolitus A. christophei A. cybotes A. etheridgei Figure Resource partitioning among Dominican Republic lizards As a result of competition, a species’ fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche Fig. 54-3 Ocean Chthamalus Balanus . | Chapter 54 Community Ecology Overview: A Sense of Community A biological community is an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction Fig. 54-1 Figure How many interactions between species are occurring in this scene? Concept : Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved Ecologists call relationships between species in a community interspecific interactions Examples are competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (–), or no effect (0) Competition Interspecific competition (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply Competitive Exclusion Strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion, local elimination of a competing .
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