tailieunhanh - Lecture Biology: Chapter 50 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 50 - Sensory and motor mechanisms. This chapter distinguish between the following pairs of terms: sensation and perception; sensory transduction and receptor potential; tastants and odorants; rod and cone cells; oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers; slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers; endoskeleton and exoskeleton. | Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Overview: Sensing and Acting Bats use sonar to detect their prey. Moths, a common prey for bats, can detect the bat’s sonar and attempt to flee. Both organisms have complex sensory systems that facilitate survival. These systems include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate appropriate movement. Can a moth evade a bat in the dark? Figure Can a moth evade a bat in the dark? Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the CNS, central nervous system All stimuli represent forms of energy. Sensation involves converting energy into a change in the membrane potential of sensory receptors. Sensations are action potentials that reach the brain via sensory neurons. The brain interprets sensations, giving the perception of stimuli. Sensory Pathways Functions of sensory pathways: sensory reception, transduction, transmission, and integration. For example, stimulation of a stretch receptor in a crayfish is the first step in a sensory pathway. Sensory Reception and Transduction Sensations and perceptions begin with sensory reception, detection of stimuli by sensory receptors. Sensory receptors can detect stimuli outside and inside the body. Sensory transduction is the conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor. This change in membrane potential is called a receptor potential. Many sensory receptors are very sensitive: they are able to detect the smallest physical unit of stimulus. For example, most light receptors can detect a photon of light. Transmission After energy has been transduced into a receptor potential, some sensory cells generate the transmission of action potentials to the CNS. Sensory cells without axons release neurotransmitters at synapses with sensory neurons. Larger receptor potentials generate more rapid action potentials. Integration of sensory information begins when information is received. Some | Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Overview: Sensing and Acting Bats use sonar to detect their prey. Moths, a common prey for bats, can detect the bat’s sonar and attempt to flee. Both organisms have complex sensory systems that facilitate survival. These systems include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate appropriate movement. Can a moth evade a bat in the dark? Figure Can a moth evade a bat in the dark? Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the CNS, central nervous system All stimuli represent forms of energy. Sensation involves converting energy into a change in the membrane potential of sensory receptors. Sensations are action potentials that reach the brain via sensory neurons. The brain interprets sensations, giving the perception of stimuli. Sensory Pathways Functions of sensory pathways: sensory reception, transduction, transmission, and integration. For example, stimulation of a stretch receptor in a .

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