tailieunhanh - Lecture Biology: Chapter 40 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece
Chapter 40 - Basic principles of animal form and function. This chapter distinguish among the following sets of terms: collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; regulator and conformer; positive and negative feedback; basal and standard metabolic rates; torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor. This chapter also relate structure with function and identify diagrams of the following animal tissues: epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle tissue (three types), and nervous tissue. | Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an organism. Physiology is the study of the biological functions an organism performs. The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating? Figure How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating? For the Discovery Video Human Body, go to Animation and Video Files. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment. Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Physical Constraints on Animal Size and Shape The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s shape, size, and environment. Evolutionary convergence reflects different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge. Physical laws impose constraints on animal size and shape. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Convergent evolution in fast swimmers (a) Tuna (b) Penguin (c) Seal Figure Convergent evolution in fast swimmers Exchange with the Environment An animal’s size and shape directly affect how it exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings. Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes. A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Contact with the environment Exchange mm (a) Single cell mm (b) Two layers of cells Exchange Exchange Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Figure | Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an organism. Physiology is the study of the biological functions an organism performs. The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating? Figure How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating? For the Discovery Video Human Body, go to Animation and Video Files. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment. Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Physical Constraints on Animal Size and Shape The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s shape, size,
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