tailieunhanh - Lecture Foundations of nursing: An integrated approach: Chapter 16 - Cliff Evans, Emma Tippins
Chapter 16 - Pharmacology and drug calculations. In this chapter, you will: Gain understanding of what is meant by the terms pharmacology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; learn about the stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of medication; understand the importance of careful prescribing for older patients; understand the importance of patient education and concordance in provision of medications; | Chapter 16 Pharmacology & Drug Calculations Introduction A large percentage of a qualified nurse’s time is spent in dispensing medication and related information and advice. A sound knowledge base is required if potentially catastrophic errors are to be avoided, and medication is to have the desired effect. An understanding of pharmacology requires consideration of the concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Errors in drug calculations are the cause of many Adverse Drug Events Methods of calculation, along with practical examples, will be provided to ensure the reader can effectively and safely calculate medication doses in practice. Definitions Pharmacology comes from the Greek Pharmakos (drug) and Logos (science). It is concerned with the study of how a substance interacts with an organism to produce a change. We may give drugs for a number of reasons, either for diagnostic purposes, prophylaxis, or for a therapeutic effect. The central concepts in pharmacology are Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics. The Central Concepts in Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the study of the effects of the body on the drug, including Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion. Pharmacodynamics is concerned with the study of the effects of the drug on the body, including effective doses and response. Acid base balance regulation=excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and conservation of bicarbonate ions Absorption Absorption begins once the drug accesses the body. The rate and method of absorption affects the bioavailability of the drug. Absorption is affected by the physical properties of the drug itself (capsule, tablet or liquid), as well as by the physiology of the person taking the drug. If the drug is released too swiftly, an excessive response may occur due to high blood levels. If it is released too slowly, it may be eliminated in the faeces prior to being absorbed. Understanding Methods of Administration Crushing medications should only be . | Chapter 16 Pharmacology & Drug Calculations Introduction A large percentage of a qualified nurse’s time is spent in dispensing medication and related information and advice. A sound knowledge base is required if potentially catastrophic errors are to be avoided, and medication is to have the desired effect. An understanding of pharmacology requires consideration of the concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Errors in drug calculations are the cause of many Adverse Drug Events Methods of calculation, along with practical examples, will be provided to ensure the reader can effectively and safely calculate medication doses in practice. Definitions Pharmacology comes from the Greek Pharmakos (drug) and Logos (science). It is concerned with the study of how a substance interacts with an organism to produce a change. We may give drugs for a number of reasons, either for diagnostic purposes, prophylaxis, or for a therapeutic effect. The central concepts in pharmacology are .
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