tailieunhanh - Project Management for Construction Chapter 8

Giá hợp đồng xây dựng bao gồm chi phí trực tiếp của dự án bao gồm các lĩnh vực giám sát cộng với chi phí đánh dấu sự áp đặt bởi các nhà thầu cho chi phí quản lý chung và lợi nhuận. | 8. Construction Pricing and Contracting Pricing for Constructed Facilities Because of the unique nature of constructed facilities it is almost imperative to have a separate price for each facility. The construction contract price includes the direct project cost including field supervision expenses plus the markup imposed by contractors for general overhead expenses and profit. The factors influencing a facility price will vary by type of facility and location as well. Within each of the major categories of construction such as residential housing commercial buildings industrial complexes and infrastructure there are smaller segments which have very different environments with regard to price setting. However all pricing arrangements have some common features in the form of the legal documents binding the owner and the supplier s of the facility. Without addressing special issues in various industry segments the most common types of pricing arrangements can be described broadly to illustrate the basic principles. Competitive Bidding The basic structure of the bidding process consists of the formulation of detailed plans and specifications of a facility based on the objectives and requirements of the owner and the invitation of qualified contractors to bid for the right to execute the project. The definition of a qualified contractor usually calls for a minimal evidence of previous experience and financial stability. In the private sector the owner has considerable latitude in selecting the bidders ranging from open competition to the restriction of bidders to a few favored contractors. In the public sector the rules are carefully delineated to place all qualified contractors on an equal footing for competition and strictly enforced to prevent collusion among contractors and unethical or illegal actions by public officials. Detailed plans and specifications are usually prepared by an architectural engineering firm which oversees the bidding process on behalf of