tailieunhanh - Ebook Radiology 101 the basics & fundamentals of imaging (4th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Radiology 101 the basics & fundamentals of imaging" presentation of content: Chest, abdomen, pediatric imaging, musculoskeletal system, brain, head and neck, head and neck, nuclear imaging, breast imaging, interventional radiology. | CHAPTER 6 Musculoskeletal System Carol A. Boles Chapter Outline Normal Development Upper Extremity Lower Extremity Variations of Normal Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Trauma Fractures and Dislocations Fracture Healing Upper Extremity Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Injury Arthritides Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Normal Development Bones are visible on nearly all radiographs; therefore, radiologic anatomy of the musculoskeletal system is extremely important, but it can be time consuming to learn. Entire textbooks are dedicated to specific joints, but a solid knowledge of normal anatomy is a prerequisite for intelligent image evaluation. Despite many advances in imaging using other modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and ultrasound, radiographs remain the mainstay of musculoskeletal imaging. Anatomy is anatomy no matter how you look at it and imaging is less confusing when thought of in this way. Let us begin with a general overview and then normal image anatomy of the hand and move systematically cephalad to the shoulder girdle. This will be followed by normal image anatomy of the lower extremity from the foot to the hip. The bones develop in a rather systematic fashion. Bone formation is by either intramembranous (transformation of mesenchymal tissue) or endochondral (conversion of an intermediate cartilage form) formation, or by both methods. Psoriatic Arthritis Gout, Pseudogout, and Hemophilic Arthritis Neuropathic Joints Other Tumors Benign Malignant Metabolic Diseases Paget Disease Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia Rickets Infection Approach to Common Clinical Problems Key Points Many flat bones, such as the skull and mandible, form by intramembranous bone formation. Both methods are found in the extremities, spine, and pelvis. With endochondral ossification, cartilage is replaced by bone initiated at specific sites called centers of ossification. These centers of ossification appear in such a predictable order .

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