tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: "PASSIVES"

The English passive construction has played a central role in the to-ings and fro-ings of grammatical theory over the last 30 years, from the earliest days of transformational grammar, to more recent, surface oriented theories of syntax. The casual reader of the linguistic literature might therefore suppose that the computational linguist looking for an off the shelf analysis of passives would be able to choose from among several competing analyses, each of which accommodated the facts, but perhaps derived them from (or from them} different theoretical principles. Unfortunately, this is not the case. as we shall see. All of. | PASSIVES Steve Pulman. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Corn Exchange Street Cambridge CB2 3QG. UK. ABSTRACT The English passive construction has played a central role in the to-ings and fro-ings of grammatical theory over the last 30 years from the earliest days of transformational grammar to more recent surface oriented theories of syntax. The casual reader of the linguistic literature might therefore suppose that the computational linguist looking for an off the shelf analysis of passives would be able to choose from among several competing analyses each of which accommodated the facts but perhaps derived them from or from them different theoretical principles. Unfortunately. this is not the case as we shall see. All of the analyses that I am familiar with are incomplete or inaccurate in some respects or simply unprogrammable in any straightforward form. The present paper is an attempt to remedy this situation and to provide such an off the shelf analysis of the syntax and semantics of passives. The analysis of this central construction will be couched within a simple and computationally tractable syntactic and semantic formalism and should translate easily to most currently popular formalisms. It will be quite eclectic freely borrowing from several different grammatical theories. Two unsatisfactory analyses The original starting point for the analysis here was that presented in Gazdar et al. 1985 also found unsatisfactory by Kilbury 1986 . In the GPSG framework passive VP rules are derived by a metarule from active VPs 1. VP - NP. w VPpas - w. PPby The interpretation of this metarule is as follows for every rule expanding VP which introduces an NP daughter there is also to be a rule which has the VP marked as passive does not contain that NP daughter and may contain a pp headed by . Feature principles ensure that the verb heading the VP will have passive morphology in this latter case. There are several problems with this account. An engineering .