tailieunhanh - DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION AND FEEDING

In India, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) research started in the then Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory at Mukteswar as early as in 1929. The work on the production of vaccines using cell culture technique commenced at Mukteswar in early sixties initially in goat kidney/calf kidney cell cultures and subsequently by 1971-72 with the availability of the BHK 21 cell line in monolayer cultures. With the increased demand for the FMD vaccines, the Bangalore campus of IVRI was established in 1972 with the objective of large scale production in fermenters. This plant became fully operational by 1980 and the production. | Animal Nutrition Handbook Section 15 Dairy Cattle Nutrition and Feeding Page 392 DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION AND FEEDING References Aseltine 1998 Schingoethe 1998 in Kellems Church 1998 NRC 2001 and Jurgens 2002 . FEEDING DAIRY CALVES 1. General A. On a commercial scale necessary to separate newborn calves form their dams as soon as possible. Essentially no space for calves in milking system facilities B. Fresh cows need special nutrition and feeding facilities to maximize their milking ability thus calves can be housed more efficiently in separate facilities. C. Health and vigor of calves at birth depend on the nutrition of the cow during the last 60 days or so of gestation Developing about 70 of birth wt of the calf during that time. D. Colostrum 1 Not only provide antibodies that a newborn calf lacks but also laxative to help starting digestive functions. 2 Under commercial conditions calves rarely receive colostrum from their own dams but no apparent difference in the effectiveness among fresh frozen thawed and fermented colostrum so . . . 2. Birth to 4 Months of Age A. B. C. Newborn calves have all the necessary organs associated with the ruminant digestive system but their processes are similar to nonruminant species. The rumen is not populated with the typical microbes until close to 60 d of age thus necessary to provide milk milk replacer in the beginning. Common feeds for calves - Including colostrum whole milk replacers and calf starters along with hay or pasture. 1 Colostrum - Depends but a calf may be left with its dam less than 24 hr and then placed on one of several milk feeding programs. 2 Whole milk - An excellent feed but too expensive especially in areas where a good milk market exists. 3 Milk replacers - See the table Milk replacer Aseltine 1998 Nutrient Recommendation Crude protein Ether extract Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Sodium Sulfur Iron ppm 100 Cobalt ppm Copper ppm 10 Manganese ppm 40 Zinc