tailieunhanh - The Hindu-Arabic Numerals

It has long been recognized that the common numerals used in daily life are of comparatively recent origin. The number of systems of notation employed before the Christian era was about the same as the number of written languages, and in some cases a single language had several systems. The Egyptians, for example, had three systems of writing, with a numerical notation for each; the Greeks had two well-defined sets of numerals, and the Roman symbols for number changed more or less from century to century. Even to-day the number of methods of expressing numerical concepts is much greater than one would believe before making. | The Hindu-Arabic Numerals by 1 CHAPTER p PRONUNCIATION CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII The Hindu-Arabic Numerals by David Eugene Smith and Louis Charles Karpinski This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at Title The Hindu-Arabic Numerals Author David Eugene Smith Louis Charles Karpinski Release Date September 14 2007 EBook 22599 Language English Character set encoding ISO-8859-1 START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HINDU-ARABIC NUMERALS The Hindu-Arabic Numerals by 2 Produced by David Newman Chuck Greif Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http This file was produced from images from the Cornell University Library Historical Mathematics Monographs collection. Transcriber s Note The following codes are used for characters that are not present in the character set used for this version of the book. a a with macron etc. .g g with dot above etc. s s with acute accent d. d with dot below etc. d d with line below H H with breve below THE HINDU-ARABIC NUMERALS BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH AND LOUIS CHARLES KARPINSKI BOSTON AND LONDON GINN AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS 1911 COPYRIGHT 1911 BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH AND LOUIS CHARLES KARPINSKI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ATHEN UM PRESS GINN AND COMPANY PROPRIETORS BOSTON . iii PREFACE So familiar are we with the numerals that bear the misleading name of Arabic and so extensive is their use in Europe and the Americas that it is difficult for us to realize that their general acceptance in the transactions of commerce is a matter of only the last four centuries and that they are unknown to a very large part of the human race to-day. It seems strange that such a labor-saving device should have struggled for nearly a thousand years after its

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