tailieunhanh - Ebook Pathology - The big picture series: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Pathology - The big picture series" presentation of content: Pulmonary pathology, gastrointestinal pathology, pathology of the kidney and bladder, pathology of the male and female reproductive tract and breast, endocrine pathology, pathology of the bones and joints, dermatopathology, practice examination,. | CHAPTER 13 PULMONARY PATHOLOGY OVERVIEW Diseases of the lung can be classified into four general categories: (1) obstructive lung disease; (2) restrictive lung disease; (3) infectious disease; and (4) neoplastic disease (Table 13-1). The key clinical difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease is the forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, which is decreased in obstructive lung disease and normal in restrictive lung disease. In obstructive lung disease, air is trapped within the parenchyma; in restrictive lung disease, airway filling is impaired due to fibrosis of alveolar septae. The four main types of obstructive lung disease are emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis. Restrictive lung disease can be divided into acute and chronic forms, and chronic forms can be subdivided by etiology (., work related, drug induced, autoimmune, and idiopathic). The seven major forms of infectious lung disease (., pneumonia) are (1) community-acquired typical (., bacterial); (2) community-acquired atypical (., viral, others); (3) nosocomial; (4) aspiration; (5) necrotizing pneumonia; (6) chronic pneumonia (., fungal, mycobacterial); and (7) pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Neoplastic disease can be divided into small cell lung carcinoma and non–small cell lung carcinoma. The designation of non–small cell carcinoma versus small cell carcinoma is of utmost importance when determining treatment options. Small cell carcinoma is assumed at the time of diagnosis to have already metastasized. This chapter will discuss acute respiratory failure, atelectasis, obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung disease, causes of chronic restrictive lung disease, diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infections, pulmonary neoplasms, miscellaneous pleural conditions (including pleural effusions and mesothelioma), and upper respiratory tract conditions. ACUTE RESPIRATORY .