tailieunhanh - Báo cáo " PROTECTING AGRICULTURAL CROPS FROM THE EFFECTS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE EXPOSURE: Reconciling Science and Standard Setting in the United States, Europe, and Asia"

Ozone (O3) is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. Most crops in developed countries are grown in summer when O3 concentrations are elevated and frequently are sufficiently high to reduce yields. This article examines the difficulties in scientifically determining the reduction in yield that results from the exposure of agricultural crops to surface O3 and then transforming that knowledge into efficient and effective regulatory standards. The different approaches taken by the United States and Europe in addressing this issue as well as the few studies that have been conducted to date in developing countries are examined and summarized | Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2001. 26 237-68 Copyright 2001 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Protecting Agricultural Crops from the Effects of Tropospheric Ozone Exposure Reconciling Science and Standard Setting in the United States Europe and Asia Denise L. Mauzerall and Xiaoping Wang Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 e-mail mauzeral@ xwang@ Key Words air pollution agriculture standards development Abstract Ozone O3 is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. Most crops in developed countries are grown in summer when O3 concentrations are elevated and frequently are sufficiently high to reduce yields. This article examines the difficulties in scientifically determining the reduction in yield that results from the exposure of agricultural crops to surface O3 and then transforming that knowledge into efficient and effective regulatory standards. The different approaches taken by the United States and Europe in addressing this issue as well as the few studies that have been conducted to date in developing countries are examined and summarized. Extensive research was conducted in the United States during the 1980s but has not been continued. During the 1990s the European community forged ahead with scientific research and innovative proposals for air-quality standards. These efforts included the development of a critical level CL for O3 based on a cumulative exposure above a cutoff concentration below which only an acceptable level of harm is incurred. Current research focuses on estimating O3 dosage to plants and incorporating this metric into regulatory standards. The US regulatory community can learn from current European scientific research and regulatory strategies which argue strongly for a separate secondary standard for O3 to protect vegetation. Increasing impacts of O3 on crops are likely in developing .

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