tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: "PRESUPPOSITION AND IMPLICATURE IN MODEL-THEORETIC PRAGMATICS"

Model-theoretic pragmatics is an attempt to provide a formal description of the pragmatics of natural language as effects arising from using model-theoretic semantics in a dynamic environment. The pragmatic phenomena considered here have been variously labeled ~resupposition [I] and eonven¢ional implicature [6]. The models used in traditional model-theoretic semantics provide a complete and static representation of knowledge about the world, llowever, this is not the environment in which language is used. . | PRESUPPOSITION AND IMPLICATURE IN MODEL-THEORETIC PRAGMATICS Douglas B. Moran Oregon State University Model-theoretic pragmatics is an attempt to provide a formal description of the pragmatics of natural language as effects arising from using model-theoretic semantics in a dynamic environment. The pragmatic phenomena considered here have been variously labeled presupposition 1 and conventionaI implicaturc 6 The models used in traditional model-theoretic semantics provide a complete and static representation of knowledge about the world. However this is not the environment in which language is used. Language is used in a dynamic environment - the participants have incomplete knowledge of the world and the understanding of a sentence can add to the knowledge of the listener. A formalism which allows models to contain incomplete knowledge and to which knowledge can be added has been developed 2 3 12 In model-theoretic semantics the relationships between words is not inherent in the structure of the model. These relationships between words are given by logical formulas called meaning postulates. In traditional model-theoretic semantics with static models these meaning postulates can be evaluated when the model is chosen to insure that it is a reasonable model for the language. In dynamic model-theoretic semantics these relationships must be verified as information is added to the model to insure that the new information does not violate any of these relationships. This verification process may cause the addition of more information to the model. The processing of the formula representing a sentence adds to the dynamic model the information given as the assertion of the sentence - the primary information of the sentence - if it is not already in the model. The addition of this primary information can cause - through the verification of a meaning postulate - the addition of secondary information. This secondary information is not part of the assertion of the sentence but