tailieunhanh - SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT: PROPERTY RIGHTS, MARKETS, AND THE COMMONS

The consolidated results from several questionnaires5 indicated that 6 of the 27 developed countries had fullyimplemented IWRM plans in effect, with another 10 having such plans in place or partially implemented. Only 38% of the 77 developing countries had completed plans (33% of the Asian countries; 38% of the African countries; 43% of the countries in the Americas) while the implementation level varied greatly. Vital information on the efficiency of water use was often ambiguous or lacking. The survey noted that developed countries were the leaders on issues such as public awareness campaigns and gender mainstreaming, while the Asian countries were the leaders in institutional reform issues. Africa was further advanced among. | SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT PROPERTY RIGHTS MARKETS AND THE COMMONS Gerald R. Faulhaber and David Farber Introduction Since 1927 the electromagnetic spectrum has been allocated to uses and users by the Federal government covering broadcast radio microwave communications systems broadcast television satellites dispatch police and national defense needs among many others. Assignees receive a license to broadcast certain material say taxi dispatch at a specified frequency and a specified power level and perhaps direction . For many purposes this license is time-limited but with a presumption of renewal in fact radio licenses are almost always renewed. Licensees can only use the spectrum for the specified purpose and may not sell or lease it to others. Economists since Ronald Coase 1959 have argued strongly and persuasively that allocating a scarce resource by administrative fiat makes little sense establishing a market for spectrum in which owners could buy sell subdivide and aggregate spectrum parcels would lead to a much more efficient allocation of this scarce resource. The Federal Communications Commission FCC has gradually been allocating more spectrum for flexible use and since 1993 has been using auctions to award most new spectrum licenses. However this experiment in bringing market forces to bear to allocate radio spectrum has been applied to only about 10 percent of the most valuable spectrum. Economists continue to press for marketizing spectrum as the surest means to use this important national resource efficiently White 2001 . Meanwhile substantial strides have been made in radio technology including wideband radio such as spread spectrum and ultra wideband UWB agile radio one of several applications of software defined radio SDR and mesh networks including ad hoc networks and other forms of peer-to-peer infrastructure architectures . The developers of these technologies note that the products based on these technologies undermine the current system of .

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