tailieunhanh - Ebook Springhouse review for critical care nursing certification (4th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Springhouse review for critical care nursing certification" presents the following contents: Gastrointestinal disorders, renal disorders, multisystem disorders, professional caring and ethical practice. | Gastrointestinal disorders Anatomy Mouth The mouth consists of the lips cheeks teeth gums tongue palate and salivary glands the tongue is a mass of striated and skeletal muscles covered by mucous membranes The salivary glands submandibular parotid and sublingual secrete 1 000 to 1 500 ml of saliva per day The mouth is connected to the esophagus by the pharynx the walls of the pharynx are composed of fibrous tissues surrounded by muscle fibers Motor impulses for swallowing are transmitted via cranial nerves V IX X and XII in the pharyngeal area Esophagus Located behind the trachea the esophagus is 10 to 12 to cm long and passes through the thoracic and abdominal cavities The top one-third of the esophagus is striated muscle the bottom two-thirds is smooth muscle The superior end of the esophagus is opened and closed by the hypopharyngeal sphincter the distal end is opened and closed by the lower esophageal sphincter Peristaltic waves move food through the esophagus to the stomach Stomach The stomach is located in the epigastric umbilical and left hypochondriac areas of the abdomen It s divided into the fundus or upper part the greater curvature which lies below the fundus the body which makes up the largest portion of the stomach the pyloric part near the outlet to the intestines and the lesser curvature which lies between the pyloric sphincter and the esophagus The stomach consists of an outer layer of longitudinal muscle fibers a middle layer of circular fibers and an inner layer of transverse fibers The gastric mucosa which contains large numbers of gastric cardiac and pyloric glands lines the interior of the stomach secretion of gastric enzymes is necessary for digestion the gastric hormones gastrin and histamine are also secreted to aid digestion The submucosal layer of the stomach is composed of blood vessels lymph vessels and connective and fibrous tissues Rugae folds on the interior of the stomach allow for distention 214 Anatomy o 215 Small .