tailieunhanh - RUBBER PRODUCTION IN LIBERIA: An Exploratory Assessment of Living and Working Conditions, with Special Attention to Forced Labor

However, disillusion with the limited success of smallholder-based efforts to improve productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa (Collier and Dercon 2009) and the apparent success of Brazil in establishing a vibrant agricultural sector based on much larger farms have led some countries to view the development of large- scale mechanized farming as the path to modernization of the sector. Such concerns are reinforced by evidence that, in India, farms are too small and under-mechanized and that consolidation of land holdings could result in significant increases in productivity while at the same time contribute to industrialization by releasing potentially large amounts of labor. | RUBBER PRODUCTION IN LIBERIA An Exploratory Assessment o f Living and Working C onditions with Special Attention to Forced Labor Funding for this report was provided by the United States Department of Labor under grant number IL177760875K. Points of view or opinions in this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor nor does the mention of trade names commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. VERITÉ FAIR LABOR WORLDWIDE Table of Contents Background The Five Ps of Rubber Production in Liberia Place Product People Policies and Working Conditions in the Rubber Supply Chain in Methodology Research Methodology and Field Semi-Structured In-Depth Focus-Group Informant Research Labor Relations and Quotas Cash Benefits and Financial Working Hours and Forced Salary and Wage Threat of Child Dwellings Sanitation Education and Health and Social Security and Appendix 1 Early History and Legacy of War in Appendix 2 Guiding Questions for Field Appendix 3 Donor Assistance to Liberia Rubber Production in Liberia An Exploratory Assessment of Living and Working Conditions with Special Attention to Forced Labor 2 Abbreviations CBA - CIOL - COAWU - CPA - CSR - EITI - GAAWUL - GDP - ILO - ILRF - ITUC - LAC - LAWU - LCL - LEITI - LFF - LISGIS - LURD - MODEL - NESH - NPFL - NTGL - TWP - UNMIL - USAID - USD - WFP - Collective Bargaining Agreement Congress of Industrial Organizations of Liberia Cocopa .