tailieunhanh - POULTRY NUTRITION AND FEEDING

In the last half century, significant increases in the productivity of modern poultry stocks have been achieved for both the meat and the egg production sectors of the global poultry industry. Synergies have resulted from advances made in all the major ac- tivities of poultry management and housing, nutrition and ration formulation, applying poultry genetics knowledge in commercial breeding programmes and better diagnosis and control of avian diseases. Of all these core elements, poultry health and disease can be the least predictable. Although poultry diseases from nutritional and metabolic caus- es can be of concern, the emphasis in this information note is on. | Animal Nutrition Handbook Section 12 Poultry Nutrition and Feeding Page 316 POULTRY NUTRITION AND FEEDING References Jurgens 2002 NRC 1994 as the main sources with Hooge 1998 in Kellems and Church 1998 Waldroup P. W. 2001. Dietary nutrient allowances for chickens and turkeys. Feedstuffs 73 29 56-65 andLarbier andLeclercq 1992. Translation by J. Wiseman 1994 . INTRODUCTION 1. Poultry Nutrition in General A. Poultry - Any of the domesticated and commercialized types of birds used for production of eggs and or meat for human food . . . also for other purposes though . B . Chickens turkeys pigeons peafowl ducks geese upland game birds quail pheasant partridges . . . and ratites ostriches emu . . . . B. Chickens turkeys and laying hens have been commercially produced in the confinement system for more than 70 years 1 For each species the NRC includes suggested requirements for 14 amino acids 12 minerals 13 vitamins and one fatty acid. 2 Should be aware that those recommendations are based on limited and sometimes very old information especially true with some vitamins trace minerals . 3 Thus many gaps in the information pool for optimum production exist. 2. Commercial Poultry Production Industry A. Has been an innovator and applicator of advancing technology and knowledge to keep meat and egg prices relatively constant for decades. B. Feed Feed cost is the largest single item in poultry production accounts for 60 to 75 of the total production cost . . . from hatching eggs to processing plant. 1 Much emphasis has been placed on least-cost feed formulation and getting the lowest feed cost per unit of salable product. 2 To do so necessary to refine energy and nutrient requirements disease control genetic improvement and housing equipment. 3 All those efforts led to steady improvements in growth rate feed conversion and livability under intensive commercial conditions. POULTRY DIETS IN GENERAL 1. Diet Formulation - Steps involved poultry diet formulation are similar to .