tailieunhanh - Russian Political, Economic, and Security Issues and U.S. Interests

To allow for feasible comparisons, we define HGFs as the one percent of firms with the highest growth over three different time periods, three, five and seven years. We considered other shares of the firm population, such as the five or ten percent of firms with the highest growth. However, besides the one percent definition, it was not possible to apply precise cut- off levels, since a great many firms showed the growth required to enter as the last firm using other thresholds. This would necessitate including some of these firms among HGFs arbitrarily and excluding the rest of them. Moreover,. | Russian Political Economic and Security Issues and . Interests Jim Nichol Coordinator Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs April 16 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 RL33407 CRS Report for Congress------------- Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Russian Political Economic and Security Issues and . Interests Summary Russia made uneven progress in democratization during the 1990s but this limited progress was reversed after Vladimir Putin rose to power in 1999-2000 according to many observers. During this period the State Duma lower legislative chamber became dominated by government-approved parties gubernatorial elections were abolished and the government consolidated ownership or control over major media and industries including the energy sector. The Putin government showed low regard for the rule of law and human rights in suppressing insurgency in the North Caucasus according to critics. Dmitriy Medvedev Putin s longtime protégé was elected president in 2008 President Medvedev immediately designated Putin as prime minister and continued Putin s policies. In August 2008 the Medvedev-Putin tandem directed military operations against Georgia and recognized the independence of Georgia s separatist South Ossetia and Abkhazia actions condemned by most of the international community. In late 2011 Putin announced that he would return to the presidency and that Medvedev would become prime minister. This announcement and flawed Duma elections at the end of the year spurred popular protests which the government addressed by launching some reforms and holding pro-Putin rallies. In March 2012 Putin was re elected president by a wide margin. The day after Putin s inauguration on May 7 the legislature confirmed Medvedev as prime minister. Since then Putin appears to be tightening restrictions on freedom of assembly and other human rights. Russia s Economy Russia s economy began to recover from the Soviet collapse in 1999 led mainly

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