tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: "Efficient solving and exploration of scope ambiguities"

We present the currently most efficient solver for scope underspecification; it also converts between different underspecification formalisms and counts readings. Our tool makes the practical use of large-scale grammars with (underspecified) semantic output more feasible, and can be used in grammar debugging. | Efficient solving and exploration of scope ambiguities Alexander Koller and Stefan Thater Department of Computational Linguistics Saarland University Saarbrucken Germany koller stth @ Abstract We present the currently most efficient solver for scope underspecification it also converts between different underspecification formalisms and counts readings. Our tool makes the practical use of large-scale grammars with underspecified semantic output more feasible and can be used in grammar debugging. 1 Introduction One of the most exciting recent developments in computational linguistics is that large-scale grammars which compute semantic representations are becoming available. Examples for such grammars are the HPSG English Resource Grammar ERG Copestake and Flickinger 2000 and the LFG ParGram grammars Butt et al. 2002 a similar resource is being developed for the XTAG grammar Kallmeyer and Romero 2004 . But with the advent of such grammars a phenomenon that is sometimes considered a somewhat artificial toy problem of theoretical semanti-cists becomes a very practical challenge the presence of scope ambiguities. Because grammars often uniformly treat noun phrases as quantifiers even harmless-looking sentences can have surprisingly many readings. The median number of scope readings for the sentences in the Rondane Treebank distributed with the ERG is 55 but the treebank also contains extreme cases such as 1 below which according to the ERG has about trillion 1012 readings 1 Myrdal is the mountain terminus of the Flam rail line or Flamsbana which makes its way down the lovely Flam Valley Flamsdalen to its sea-level terminus at Flam. Rondane 650 In order to control such an explosion of readings and also to simplify the grammar design process the developers of large-scale grammars typically use methods of packing or underspecification to specify the syntax-semantics interface. The general idea is that the parser doesn t compute all the individual scope .

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