tailieunhanh - Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Lehninger principles of biochemistry" presents the following contents: Bioenergetics and metabolism (principles of bioenergetics; glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway; the metabolism of glycogen in animals,.), information pathways (genes and chromosomes, DNA metabolism, RNA metabolism, protein metabolism,.). | PART II BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM 13 Principles of Bioenergetics 480 14 Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 521 15 Principles of Metabolic Regulation Illustrated with the Metabolism of Glucose and Glycogen 560 16 The Citric Acid Cycle 601 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism 631 18 Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea 666 19 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation 700 20 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria 761 21 Lipid Biosynthesis 797 22 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Nucleotides and Related Molecules 843 23 Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism 891 Metabolism is a highly coordinated cellular activity in which many multienzyme systems metabolic pathways cooperate to 1 obtain chemical energy by capturing solar energy or degrading energy-rich nutrients from the environment 2 convert nutrient molecules into the cell s own characteristic molecules including precursors of macromolecules 3 polymerize monomeric precursors into macromolecules proteins nucleic acids and polysaccharides and 4 synthesize and degrade biomolecules required for specialized cellular functions such as membrane lipids intracellular messengers and pigments. Although metabolism embraces hundreds of different enzyme-catalyzed reactions our major concern in Part II is the central metabolic pathways which are few in number and remarkably similar in all forms of life. Living organisms can be divided into two large groups according to the chemical form in which they obtain carbon from the environment. Autotrophs such as photosynthetic bacteria and vascular plants can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as their sole source of carbon from which they construct all their carbon-containing biomolecules see Fig. 1-5 . Some autotrophic organisms such as cyanobacteria can also use atmospheric nitrogen to generate all their nitrogenous components. Heterotrophs cannot use atmospheric carbon dioxide and must obtain carbon from their .