tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: "A Corpus of Scope-disambiguated English Text"

Previous work on quantifier scope annotation focuses on scoping sentences with only two quantified noun phrases (NPs), where the quantifiers are restricted to a predefined list. It also ignores negation, modal/logical operators, and other sentential adverbials. We present a comprehensive scope annotation scheme. We annotate the scope interaction between all scopal terms in the sentence from quantifiers to scopal adverbials, without putting any restriction on the number of scopal terms in a sentence. . | A Corpus of Scope-disambiguated English Text Mehdi Manshadi James Allen Mary Swift Department of Computer Science University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627 USA mehdih james swift @ Abstract Previous work on quantifier scope annotation focuses on scoping sentences with only two quantified noun phrases NPs where the quantifiers are restricted to a predefined list. It also ignores negation modal logical operators and other sentential adverbials. We present a comprehensive scope annotation scheme. We annotate the scope interaction between all scopal terms in the sentence from quantifiers to scopal adverbials without putting any restriction on the number of scopal terms in a sentence. In addition all NPs explicitly quantified or not with no restriction on the type of quantification are investigated for possible scope interactions. 1 Introduction Since the early days of natural language understanding NLU quantifier scope disambiguation has been an extremely hard task. Therefore early NLU systems either devised some mechanism for leaving the semantic representation underspecified Woods 1978 Hobbs and Shieber 1987 or tried to assign scoping to sentences based on heuristics VanLehn 1978 Moran 1988 Alshawi 1992 . There has been a lot of work since then on developing frameworks for scope-underspecified semantic representations Alshawi and Crouch 1992 Bos 1996 Copestake et al. 2001 Egg et al. 2001 . The motivation of most recent formalisms is to develop a constraint-based framework where you can incrementally add constraints to filter out unwanted scopings. However almost all of these formalisms are based on hard constraints which have to be satisfied in every reading of the sentence. It seems that the story is different in practice. Most of the constraints one can hope for imposed by discourse pragmatics word knowledge etc. are soft constraints that is they define a preference over the possible readings of a sentence. As a result statistical methods seem to .