tailieunhanh - Plant physiology - Chapter 24 The Control of Flowering

MOST PEOPLE LOOK FORWARD to the spring season and the profusion of flowers it brings. Many vacationers carefully time their travels to coincide with specific blooming seasons: Citrus along Blossom Trail in southern California, tulips in Holland. In Washington, ., and throughout Japan, the cherry blossoms are received with spirited ceremonies. As spring progresses into summer, summer into fall, and fall into winter, wildflowers bloom at their appointed times. Although the strong correlation between flowering and seasons is common knowledge, the phenomenon poses fundamental questions that will be addressed in this chapter: • How do plants keep track of the. | Chapter 24 The Control of Flowering MOST PEOPLE LOOK FORWARD to the spring season and the profusion of flowers it brings. Many vacationers carefully time their travels to coincide with specific blooming seasons Citrus along Blossom Trail in southern California tulips in Holland. In Washington . and throughout Japan the cherry blossoms are received with spirited ceremonies. As spring progresses into summer summer into fall and fall into winter wildflowers bloom at their appointed times. Although the strong correlation between flowering and seasons is common knowledge the phenomenon poses fundamental questions that will be addressed in this chapter How do plants keep track of the seasons of the year and the time of day Which environmental signals control flowering and how are those signals perceived How are environmental signals transduced to bring about the developmental changes associated with flowering In Chapter 16 we discussed the role of the root and shoot apical meristems in vegetative growth and development. The transition to flowering involves major changes in the pattern of morphogenesis and cell differentiation at the shoot apical meristem. Ultimately this process leads to the production of the floral organs sepals petals stamens and carpels see Figure in Web Topic . Specialized cells in the anther undergo meiosis to produce four haploid microspores that develop into pollen grains. Similarly a cell within the ovule divides meiotically to produce four haploid megaspores one of which survives and undergoes three mitotic divisions to produce the cells of the embryo sac see Figure in Web Topic . The embryo sac represents the mature female gametophyte. The pollen grain with its germinating pollen tube is the mature male gametophyte generation. The two gametophytic structures produce the gametes egg and sperm 560 Chapter 24 cells which fuse to form the diploid zygote the first stage of the new sporophyte generation. Clearly flowers .

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