tailieunhanh - Plant physiology - Chapter 16 Growth and Development

THE VEGETATIVE PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT begins with embryogenesis, but development continues throughout the life of a plant. Plant developmental biologists are concerned with questions such as, How does a zygote give rise to an embryo, an embryo to a seedling? How do new plant structures arise from preexisting structures? Organs are generated by cell division and expansion, but they are also composed of tissues in which groups of cells have acquired specialized functions, and these tissues are arranged in specific patterns. How do these tissues form in a particular pattern, and how do cells differentiate? What are the basic principles. | Chapter 6 Growth and Development THE VEGETATIVE PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT begins with embryogenesis but development continues throughout the life of a plant. Plant developmental biologists are concerned with questions such as How does a zygote give rise to an embryo an embryo to a seedling How do new plant structures arise from preexisting structures Organs are generated by cell division and expansion but they are also composed of tissues in which groups of cells have acquired specialized functions and these tissues are arranged in specific patterns. How do these tissues form in a particular pattern and how do cells differentiate What are the basic principles that govern the size increase growth that occurs throughout plant development Understanding how growth cell differentiation and pattern formation are regulated at the cellular biochemical and molecular levels is the ultimate goal of developmental biologists. Such an understanding also must include the genetic basis of development. Ultimately development is the unfolding of genetically encoded programs. Which genes are involved what is their hierarchical order and how do they bring about developmental change In this chapter we will explore what is known about these questions beginning with embryogenesis. Embryogenesis initiates plant development but unlike animal development plant development is an ongoing process. Embryogenesis establishes the basic plant body plan and forms the meristems that generate additional organs in the adult. After discussing the formation of the embryo we will examine root and shoot meristems. Most plant development is postembryonic and it occurs from meristems. Meristems can be considered to be cell factories in which the ongoing processes of cell division expansion and differentiation generate the plant body. Cells derived from meristems become the tissues and organs that determine the overall size shape and structure of the plant. Vegetative meristems are highly repetitive they produce

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