tailieunhanh - Plant physiology - Chapter 14 Gene Expression and Signal Transduction

PLANT BIOLOGISTS MAY BE FORGIVEN for taking abiding satisfaction in the fact that Mendel’s classic studies on the role of heritable factors in development were carried out on a flowering plant: the garden pea. The heritable factors that Mendel discovered, which control such characters as flower color, flower position, pod shape, stem length, seed color, and seed shape, came to be called genes. Genes are the DNA sequences that encode the RNA molecules directly involved in making the enzymes and structural proteins of the cell. Genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes, which form linkage groups—that is, genes that are inherited. | Gene Expression and Signal Transduction PLANT biologists may be forgiven for taking abiding satisfaction in the fact that Mendel s classic studies on the role of heritable factors in development were carried out on a flowering plant the garden pea. The heritable factors that Mendel discovered which control such characters as flower color flower position pod shape stem length seed color and seed shape came to be called genes. Genes are the DNA sequences that encode the RNA molecules directly involved in making the enzymes and structural proteins of the cell. Genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes which form linkage groups that is genes that are inherited together. The total amount of DNA or genetic information contained in a cell nucleus or organelle is termed its genome. Since Mendel s pioneering discoveries in his garden the principle has become firmly established that the growth development and environmental responses of even the simplest microorganism are determined by the programmed expression of its genes. Among multicellular organisms turning genes on gene expression or off alters a cell s complement of enzymes and structural proteins allowing cells to differentiate. In the chapters that follow we will discuss various aspects of plant development in relation to the regulation of gene expression. Various internal signals are required for coordinating the expression of genes during development and for enabling the plant to respond to environmental signals. Such internal as well as external signaling agents typically bring about their effects by means of sequences of biochemical reactions called signal transduction pathways that greatly amplify the original signal and ultimately result in the activation or repression of genes. Much progress has been made in the study of signal transduction pathways in plants in recent years. However before describing what 1 2 CHAPTER 14 is known about these pathways in plants we will provide background information on gene .

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