tailieunhanh - Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 73

Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 73 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the . Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 668 Land Institute Global Resources applies have three dimensions biological temporal and geographical. In the anthropocentric perspective of ethics the relevant moral community includes only Homo sapiens while in the nonanthropocentric perspective biocentrism ecocentrism ecofeminism and deep ecology the moral community is holistic and includes other nonhuman entities. This means that the moral community also includes as Leopold said soil water plants and animals or in a single word the entire Land. Therefore all forms of life have an intrinsic value and deser ve moral concern independently of their utilitarian value for humans. However whether this means only sentient forms of life or also nonsentient forms and whether this is a responsibility toward individuals or groups of individuals such as species ecosystems or ecological communities remains open for debate. This enlarged and holistic responsibility to other forms of life extends also to future generations and to other geographic areas in fact to the entire Earth ecosystem. From a nonanthropocentric point of view only those actions that tend to preserve the integrity and stability of the ecosystems at a local and global scale can be considered correct. Since Leopold first enunciated the basic principles of his land ethic in the 1940 s nonanthropocentric perspectives gained gradual acceptance in society and in political discourses. Though the 1972 . Stockholm Declaration on the Environment may be within the anthropocentric ethical paradigm documents and policies adopted by the United Nations in relation to the environment in the 1980 s and afterward reflected increasingly nonanthropocentric and nonconsequen-tialist perspectives. That was the case of the . World Charter for Nature 1982 which stated the principle that human needs should be fulfilled with full respect for the essential natural processes the creation in 1983 of the . World Commission on Environment and Development which produced the .