tailieunhanh - Ebook The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport (Applying Social Psychology): Part 2

(BQ) The Social Psychology of Exercise and Sport is key reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students on social or sport psychology courses and on health-related or sports science courses. Illustrated throughout with practical guidelines for researchers and practitioners, it is also a valuable resource for professionals interested in understanding and changing the behaviour of exercise participants and athletes. | 6 Athletes are emotional too In achievement contexts considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability to cope and evoke a substantial emotional response. Sport is an excellent example of such a context. Theories of motivation in sport often cite positive affect - a positive emotional state - as both an adaptive outcome of sport participation and a source of information for future motivation to engage in the sport. However the competitive nature of sport also has the ability to evoke more negative or maladaptive affective or emotional states. Sport especially at the elite level exerts considerable stress on the athlete or performer. This is because at the highest level of performance the stakes are very high for example professional sports performers depend on success to earn their salary prize monies and win bonuses as well as attain intrinsic rewards such as personal satisfaction and self-esteem rewards and outcomes common to competitive athletes at all levels of sport. If there is a mismatch between the demands placed on an athlete or sport performer by their environment and their ability to cope with the concomitant emotive states that arise from that demand then it may interfere with their ability to perform what Zajonc 1965 called the dominant response . the well practised or trained movements and skills involved in sport performance. This can often catastrophically manifest itself in sometimes embarrassingly poor performances relative to performances in practice and training even among the most highly skilled athletes. This is a phenomenon often referred to as choking Baumeister 1984 . Many of us can think of occasions when this has happened in elite sport. Think of France s soccer team the reigning World and European Champions and tournament favourites at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan leaving the championship after the first round in disgrace after an abysmal series of performances in which they failed .

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