tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khoa học: "Braille Transcription and Mechanical Translation"

TRANSCRIBING romanized print into Braille suitable for reading by the blind is a problem which has similarities to those arising in mechanical translation. The theoretical problem of mechanical translation is to construct an operational syntax - a set of formal rules of translation prescribing operations to be performed on the text to get the output text - entirely in terms of patterns of input words and types of words and such information as may be contained in the dictionary. | Mechanical Translation December 1955 Braille Transcription and Mechanical Translation John P. Cleave Birkbeck College University of London London England TRANSCRIBING romanized print into Braille suitable for reading by the blind is a problem which has similarities to those arising in mechanical translation. The theoretical problem of mechanical translation is to construct an operational syntax - a set of formal rules of translation prescribing operations to be performed on the text to get the output text - entirely in terms of patterns of input words and types of words and such information as may be contained in the dictionary. And this is simplified already firstly by the small vocabulary consisting of a definite number of letters capitalized letters punctuation marks etc. and the absence of ambiguity and above all the existence of explicit rules for transcription which are already partly formalized. The Braille Systems Braille is a system of embossed characters formed by six dots arranged and numbered as in a . In the project outlined here the output of the computer presents the Braille characters as a series of six 1 s or 0 s corresponding to the six Braille dots. Thus the Braille character of b is represented by the binary number of l c . 1 4 2 5 101011 3 6 a b c Figure 1 While to each letter-press character there corresponds one Braille sign there are Braille characters single-cell contractions and pairs of Braille characters double-cell contractions which under various conditions represent groups of inkprint letters. Thus the Braille character of represents the group wh in that order. The rules of Braille largely concern the conditions under which contractions can be made. There are four grades of Braille Grade I uncontracted Grade one-and-a-half Grade II moderately contracted Grade III highly contracted. The latter grade is rarely used. Grade I presents no problem to the computer. Grades one-and-a-half and II are the .

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