tailieunhanh - (Forthcoming, The Johns Hopkins Encyclopedia of Digital Textuality)

The leading feature may be considered as a description model and as a method in formgiving with demands on documentation and clarification of the methodical approach. Some of the students have previously completed a project 'Experienced architectural quality' where they were introduces to the leading feature as a method for selecting a sustaining idea, a structural principle (such as a building consisting of serial plans of increasing - decreasing patterns) and a content (atelier + primitive housing expressed by its space program). As a minimum the architectural qualities in that project should be shown in the solutions and preferably be. | HACKER Forthcoming The Johns Hopkins Encyclopedia of Digital Textuality E. Gabriella Coleman Introduction Generally a hacker is a technologist with a penchant for computing and a hack is a clever technical solution arrived at through non-obvious means Levy 1984 Turkle 2005 . It is telling that a hack as defined by the Hacker Jargon File can mean the complete opposite of an ingenious intervention a clunky ugly fix that nevertheless completes the job at hand. Among hackers the term is often worn as a badge of honor. In the popular press however the connotations of hacker are often negative or at minimum refer to illegal intrusion of computer systems. These differences point to the various meanings and histories associated with the terms hacker and hacking. Hackers tend to uphold a cluster of values freedom privacy and access. They adore computers and networks. They are trained in the specialized and economically lucrative-technical arts of programming system network administration and security. Some gain unauthorized access to technologies though much hacking is legal . Foremost hacking in its different incarnations embodies an aesthetic where craftsmanship and craftiness converge hackers value playfulness pranking and cleverness and will frequently display their wit through source code humor or both. But once one confronts hacking historically and sociologically this shared plane melts into a sea of differences that have until recently been overlooked in the literature on hacking Coleman and Golub 2008 Jordan 2008 . Rethinking the Story of the Hacker Ethic from Single-Origin to Multiple Origins The term hacker was first used consistently in the 1960s among technologists at MIT whose lives maniacally revolved around making using and improving computer software a preoccupation that Steven Levy dubbed a daring symbiosis between man and machine in his engaging 1984 account Hackers Heroes of the Computer Revolution 1984 39 . Levy unbundled the groups unstated ethical .

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