tailieunhanh - Mega-Events, Urban Boosterism and Growth Strategies: An Analysis of the Objectives and Legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid

The Readymade did not and was not able to address itself to depiction; its concern is with the object, and so if we were to classify it within the canonical forms it would be sculpture. But no-one who has thought about it accepts that a Readymade is sculpture. Rather it is an object that transcends the traditional classifications and stands as a model for art as a whole, art as a historical phenomenon, a logic, and an institution. As Thierry de Duve has so well demonstrated, this object designates itself as the abstraction ‘art as such’, the thing that can. | International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Volume June 2000 Mega-Events Urban Boosterism and Growth Strategies An Analysis of the Objectives and Legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid HARRY H. HILLER Mega-events as urban phenomenon Mega-events are short-term high profile events like Olympics and World Fairs that are usually thought of in terms of their tourism and economic impacts Hall 1992 Getz 1997 . Expenditures on facility and infrastructure preparation as well as revenues from visitor spending event receipts and media exposure form the baseline of much megaevent analysis. But in looking beyond the event it has also become evident that megaevents can be analyzed as tools of government policy . the 1988 Seoul Olympics Jeong et al. 1990 Kang and Perdue 1994 or ideologies . compare the Communistshowpiece objectives of the 1980 Olympics with the private-enterprise theme of the 1984 Los Angeles Games Hill 1992 . Furthermore mega-events can be assessed in terms of their role in the process of capital accumulation through corporate sponsorships media audiences and the commodification of entertainment Whitson and Macintosh 1996 . What has received much less attention is how mega-events are related to urban processes for they often transform urban space through the erection of landmark structures or through the renewal of urban space such as plazas or parks or new housing retail developments. The extensive urban waterfront development in Barcelona for the 1992 Olympics is a particularly outstanding case in point de Moragas Spa and Botella 1994 . In any event the mega-event formerly called hallmark event may be of short duration but it has an impact and meaning far beyond the event itself for the host city Ritchie 1984 Hall 1997 . Globalization and the economic restructuring of cities have both been powerful factors in the attractiveness of mega-events as stimulants to urban economic redevelopment Roche 1992 Hughes 1993 Mules 1993 . For .

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