tailieunhanh - Báo cáo khóa học: Glutamate signaling in peripheral tissues

The hypothesis thatL-glutamate (Glu) is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system is now gaining more support after the suc-cessful cloning of a number of genes coding for the signaling machinery required for this neurocrine at synapses in the brain. These include Glu receptors (signal detection), Glu transporters (signal termination) and vesicular Glu trans-porters (signal output through exocytotic release).Relatively little attention has been paid to the functional expression of these molecules required for Glu signaling in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues;. | Eur. J. Biochem. 271 1-13 2004 FEBS 2003 doi REVIEW ARTICLE Glutamate signaling in peripheral tissues Eiichi Hinoi Takeshi Takarada Taichi Ueshima Yuriko Tsuchihashi and Yukio Yoneda Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan The hypothesis that L-glutamate Glu is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system is now gaining more support after the successful cloning of a number of genes coding for the signaling machinery required for this neurocrine at synapses in the brain. These include Glu receptors signal detection Glu transporters signal termination and vesicular Glu transporters signal output through exocytotic release . Relatively little attention has been paid to the functional expression of these molecules required for Glu signaling in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues however recent molecular biological analyses show a novel function for Glu as an extracellular signal mediator in the autocrine and or paracrine system. Emerging evidence suggests that Glu could play a dual role in mechanisms underlying the maintenance of cellular homeostasis - as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central neurocrine system and an extracellular signal mediator in peripheral autocrine and or paracrine tissues. In this review the possible Glu signaling methods are outlined in specific peripheral tissues including bone testis pancreas and the adrenal pituitary and pineal glands. Keywords autocrine glutamate glutamate receptor glutamate transporter neurotransmitter paracrine vesicular glutamate transporter peripheral tissues. Glutamate signaling molecules Glutamate receptors L-Glutamate Glu is accepted as an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system CNS . Receptors for Glu GluRs are categorized into two major classes metabotropic mGluRs and ionotropic iGluRs receptors .