tailieunhanh - Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges

Fluorosis is the result of an excessive intake of fluoride during enamel formation and calcification, usually the third month of gestation through the eighth year after high concentrations of fluoride are absorbed by the body, the metabolic function of the ameloblasts is altered, which leads to defective matrix formation and hypocalcification (Figure 7-2). This type of discoloration can affect the primary and the permanent dentition. Histologically, a hypomineralized porous subsurface, covered by a well-mineralized surface enamel layer, is observed. Based on the severity, fluorosis has a variety of prognoses following the appear- ance of pigmentation is limited to a brownish appearance only. | Aesth Plast Surg 2008 32 829-839 DOI s00266-008-9246-3 REVIEW Aesthetic Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges Bishara S. Atiyeh Michel T. Rubeiz Shady N. Hayek Received 24 April 2008 Accepted 16 June 2008 Published online 27 September 2008 Springer Science Business Media LLC and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2008 Abstract Is aesthetic surgery a business guided by market structures aimed primarily at material gain and profit or a surgical intervention intended to benefit patients and an integral part of the health-care system Is it a frivolous subspecialty or does it provide a real and much needed service to a wide range of patients At present cosmetic surgery is passing through an identity crisis as well as an acute ethical dilemma. A closer look from an ethical viewpoint makes clear that the doctor who offers aesthetic interventions faces many serious ethical problems which have to do with the identity of the surgeon as a healer. Aesthetic surgery that works only according to market categories runs the risk of losing the view for the real need of patients and will be nothing else than a part of a beauty industry which has the only aim to sell something not to help people. Such an aesthetic surgery is losing sight of real values and makes profit from the ideology of a society that serves only vanity youthfulness and personal success. Unfortunately some colleagues brag that they chose the plastic surgery specialty just to become rich aesthetic surgeons using marketing tactics to promote their practice. This is at present the image we project. As rightly proposed going back a little to Hippocrates to the basics of B. S. Atiyeh Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Disasters - MBC Palermo Italy B. S. Atiyeh H M. T. Rubeiz Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon e-mail aata@ S. N. Hayek Department of Surgery University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Iowa .