tailieunhanh - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER’S MATHEMATICS HANDBOOK - CHAPTER 5

Nó không phải là đủ cho một tương lai làm việc kỹ sư môi trường để hiểu được nguyên nhân và tác động của vấn đề môi trường về chất lượng chỉ. Đó cũng phải có khả năng để thể hiện vấn đề nhận thức và giải pháp tiềm năng về định lượng. Để làm điều này, các kỹ sư môi trường phải có khả năng vẽ về khoa học cơ bản như hóa học, vật lý, thuỷ văn (cũng như những người khác) để dự đoán số phận của các chất ô nhiễm trong môi trường và thiết kế. | Part II Fundamental Science and Statistics Review 2005 by CRC Press LLC Chapter 5 Fundamental Chemistry and Hydraulics introduction It is not sufficient for a future working environmental engineer to understand the causes and effects of environmental problems in qualitative terms only. He or she must also be able to express the perceived problem and its potential solution in quantitative terms. To do this environmental engineers must be able to draw on basic sciences such as chemistry physics and hydrology as well as others to predict the fate of pollutants in the environment and to design effective treatment systems to reduce impact. In this chapter we discuss fundamental chemistry and basic hydraulics for environmental engineers. FUNDAMENTAL chemistry The chemists are a strange class of mortals impelled by an almost insane impulse to seek their pleasure among smoke and vapor soot and flame poisons and poverty yet among all these evils I seem to live so sweetly that I may die if I would change places with the Persian King. Johann Joachim Becher All matter on Earth consists of chemicals. This simplified definition may shock those who think chemistry is what happens in a test tube or between men and women. Chemistry is much more it is the science of materials that make up the physical world. Chemistry is so complex that no one person could expect to master all aspects of such a vast field thus it has been found convenient to divide the subject into specialty areas. For example Organic chemists study compounds of carbon. Atoms of this element can form stable chains and rings giving rise to very large numbers of natural and synthetic compounds. Inorganic chemists are interested in all elements particularly in metals and are often involved in the preparation of new catalysts. Biochemists are concerned with the chemistry of the living world. Physical chemists study the structures of materials and rates and energies of chemical reactions. Theoretical chemists use