tailieunhanh - Drought and Water Cruises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues - Chapter 3

GIỚI THIỆU: TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA HẠN HÁN GIÁM SÁT Khi thế giới di chuyển vào thế kỷ 21, những căng thẳng trên các nguồn tài nguyên nước sẵn có sẽ tiếp tục phát triển. Hoa Hoa, tăng trưởng và phát triển đã được căng thẳng nguồn cung cấp nước không chỉ cho các đô thị lớn các khu vực của phương Tây khô cằn, mà còn cho các lĩnh vực như Atlanta, Georgia, phía đông tương đối ẩm ướt Hoa Kỳ. Các vấn đề xung quanh các nguồn tài nguyên nước chia sẻ trên toàn quốc tế ranh giới, chẳng hạn như Colorado và các lưu vực sông. | 3 Drought Monitoring New Tools for the 21st Century MICHAEL J. HAYES MARK SVOBODA DOUGLAS LE cOmTE kElLY T. REDMOND AND PHIL PASTERiS CONTENTS I. Introduction The Importance of Drought Monitoring. 54 II. Past Efforts. 55 III. New Developments. 57 A. . Drought Monitor. 58 B. Climate Delivery Systems. 60 C. Hydrological Indicators. 61 D. Soil Moisture. 63 E. Satellite . 64 F. Environmental and Qualitative Indicators . 64 G. Water Management Considerations. 64 IV. Drought Forecasting. 65 V. Conclusion. 66 References . 67 53 Copyright 2005 by Taylor Francis Group 54 Hayes et al. I. INTRODUCTION THE IMPORTANCE OF DROUGHT MONITORING As the world moves into the 21st century the stresses on available water resources will continue to grow. In the United States increasing growth and development are already straining water supplies not only for the major metropolitan areas of the arid West but also for areas such as Atlanta Georgia in the relatively humid eastern United States. Issues surrounding shared water resources across international boundaries such as the Colorado and Rio Grande River basins between the United States and Mexico and the Great Lakes and Columbia River basins between the United States and Canada will also continue to grow. Droughts as a normal natural hazard in most climates will compound these concerns. Therefore because of serious drought impacts on water resources-related issues planning for and responding effectively to future droughts will be critically important. A key component to drought risk management and to breaking the hydro-illogical cycle illustrated in Chapter 5 is drought monitoring. Decision makers need timely and accurate information about the development of drought condi-tions in effect an early warning system so they can anticipate the onset of drought and be prepared. They also need accurate and timely assessments of drought severity so appropriate responses can be coupled with current or anticipated drought impacts. In addition .