tailieunhanh - Blackwell Publishing Ltd Reproductive asynchrony in natural butterfly populations and its consequences for female matelessness

The case-studies marked an increasingly complex aid environment, with new stakeholders and partnerships for development, and a number of mechanisms seeking to coordinate donor contributions in sectoral and national planning processes. In addition to the sector-wide approaches and poverty-reduction strategy papers that were the focus of country office engagement in 2005, there is an increasing emphasis on reporting and strategizing in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular MDGs 4, 5A and 5B. While this has raised awareness of issues around maternal and newborn health, other aspects of SRH have been marginalized, in terms of both country. | Journal of Animal Ecology Journal of Animal Ecology 2008 77 746-756 British Ecological Society doi Reproductive asynchrony in natural butterfly populations and its consequences for female matelessness Justin M. Calabrese1 Leslie Ries2 6 Stephen F. Matter3 Diane M. Debinski4 7 Julia N. Auckland4 8 Jens Roland5 and William F. Fagan2 9 1 Departments of Computational Landscape Ecology and Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany 2Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA 3 Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Environmental Studies University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0006 USA 4Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA and5Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada Summary 1. Reproductive asynchrony where individuals in a population are short-lived relative to the population-level reproductive period has been identified recently as a theoretical mechanism of the Allee effect that could operate in diverse plant and insect species. The degree to which this effect impinges on the growth potential of natural populations is not yet well understood. 2. Building on previous models of reproductive timing we develop a general framework that allows a detailed quantitative examination of the reproductive potential lost to asynchrony in small natural populations. 3. Our framework includes a range of biologically plausible submodels that allow details of mating biology of different species to be incorporated into the basic reproductive timing model. 4. We tailor the parameter estimation methods of the full model basic model plus mating biology submodels to take full advantage of data from detailed field studies of two species of Parnassius butterflies whose mating status may be assessed easily in the field. 5. We demonstrate that for both