tailieunhanh - The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics

While macro-level data display these relationships very clearly, micro-level data—especially in India—suggest more caution in attributing the differences in health and fertility behaviour of young women directly to their schooling, or to the autonomy of young women. In India, since the early 1990s, fertility and post-neo-natal mortality have both declined as much (if not more) among the families of mothers with little or no schooling as among those with 8 or 10 years of schooling (the threshold, or minimum number of years of schooling before enhanced autonomy and decision-making abilities are reliably observable) (Bhat 2002). In addition, in the third. | 164 The Body Systems Clinical and Applied Topics The Reproductive System and Development This section considers applied topics related to the continuation of the species and the life histories of individuals. In the process we will consider aspects of the male and female reproductive systems pregnancy development aging and death. THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The male reproductive system includes the gonads testes a series of specialized ducts the epididymis ductus deferens ejaculatory duct and urethra accessory glands the seminal vesicles prostate and bulbourethral glands and the external genitalia penis and scrotum . The female reproductive system includes the gonads ovaries derivatives of an embryonic system of ducts the uterine tubes uterus and vagina accessory glands the greater and lesser vestibular glands the external genitalia the clitoris labia majora and labia minora and secondary sexual organs the mammary glands of the breasts. Assessment of the Male Reproductive System An assessment of the male reproductive system begins with a physical examination. Common signs and symptoms of male reproductive disorders include Testicular pain may result from a variety of infections including gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted diseases p. 170 and mumps EAP p. 492 . Testicular pain can also result from testicular torsion testicular cancer cryptorchidism EAP p. 584 or the presence of a hernia p. 67 . The pain may also originate elsewhere along the reproductive tract such as along the ductus deferens or within the prostate or in other systems as in appendicitis p. 122 or a urinary obstruction. Urethral discharge and dysuria are often associated with sexually transmitted diseases. These symptoms also accompany disorders such as epididymitis or prostatitis that may be infectious or noninfectious. 1 9 Impotence is an inability to achieve or maintain an erection. It may occur as the result of psychological factors such as fear or anxiety .