tailieunhanh - The evolution of host use and unusual reproductive strategies in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps

Exactly how schooling affects young women’s ‘autonomy’, especially with respect to her fertility and the life-chances of her children, is a contested issue. We draw on semi-structured interviews with young married women with at least one child under the age of six, in urban and rural areas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, north India, to elaborate differences in attitudes and experiences in early married life between young married women with at least eight years of schooling and those with little or no formal schooling. All the women in our sample come from India’s most disadvantaged social groups—Scheduled or Other Backward. | doi The evolution of host use and unusual reproductive strategies in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps C. LOPEZ-VAAMONDE H. C. J. GODFRAY t S. A. WEST Ị C. HANSSON J. M. COOKt Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK Department of Biological Sciences and NERC Centre for Population Biology Imperial College London Berkshire UK School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Scotland UK Department of Cell and Organism Biology Zoology Lund Sweden Keywords Abstract coevolution cospeciation host shift leaf-mining moth parasitoid plant-insect interactions reproductive strategy split sex brood sex ratio tri-trophic interactions. We studied host selection and exploitation two crucial aspects of parasite ecology in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps which show remarkable host specificity and unusual offspring sex allocation. We estimated a molecular phylogeny of 15 Achrysocharoides species and compared this with host plant and insect phylogenies. This tri-trophic phylogenetic comparison provides no evidence for cospeciation but parasitoids do show phylogenetic conservation of the use of plant genera. Patterns of sequence divergence also suggest that the parasitoids radiated more recently or evolved much faster than their insect hosts. Three main categories of brood production occur in parasitoids 1 solitary offspring 2 mixed sex broods and 3 separate split sex broods. Split sex broods are very rare and virtually restricted to Achrysocharoides while the other types occur very widely. Our phylogeny suggests that split sex broods have evolved twice and provides evidence for a transition from solitary to mixed sex broods via split sex broods as predicted by theory. Introduction The reproductive strategy of an animal consists of a series of related decisions which because of the close link between reproductive behaviour and fitness are likely to be under strong natural selection Maynard Smith 1978 Stearns 1992 . Insight .