tailieunhanh - THE ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE REPRODUCTIVE NUMBER FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK DATA

Over the years, a wide variety of methods have been developed to reduce the chances of becoming pregnant. These methods are called birth con- trol or contraception. Birth control helps a couple plan if and when to have a child. However, birth control gained even more importance in the late twentieth century for two additional reasons. The world’s human population is growing faster than at any other time in history. For example, in 1800, Earth supported a population of almost 1 billion people. By the year 2000, the human pop- ulation reached 6 billion. If the current rate of growth continues, that num- ber will double within the next. | MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING Volume 6 Number 2 April 2009 doi pp. 261-282 THE ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE REPRODUCTIVE NUMBER FROM DISEASE OUTBREAK DATA Ariel Cintrón-Arias Center for Research in Scientific Computation Center for Quantitative Sciences in Biomedicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Carlos Castillo-Chóvez Department of Mathematics and Statistics Arizona State University . Box 871804 Tempe AZ 85287-1804 USA Luis M. a. Bettencourt Theoretical Division Mathematical Modeling and Analysis T-7 Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop B284 Los Alamos NM 87545 USA Alun L. Lloyd and H. T. Banks Center for Research in Scientific Computation Biomathematics Graduate Program Department of Mathematics North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Abstract. We consider a single outbreak susceptible-infected-recovered SIR model and corresponding estimation procedures for the effective reproductive number R t . We discuss the estimation of the underlying SIR parameters with a generalized least squares GLS estimation technique. We do this in the context of appropriate statistical models for the measurement process. We use asymptotic statistical theories to derive the mean and variance of the limiting Gaussian sampling distribution and to perform post statistical analysis of the inverse problems. We illustrate the ideas and pitfalls . large condition numbers on the corresponding Fisher information matrix with both synthetic and influenza incidence data sets. 1. Introduction. The transmissibility of an infection can be quantified by its basic reproductive number R0 defined as the mean number of secondary infections seeded by a typical infective into a completely susceptible naive host population 1 19 26 . For many simple epidemic processes this parameter determines a threshold whenever R0 1 a typical infective gives rise on average to more than one secondary infection leading to an epidemic. In .

• Sức khỏe phụ nữ
• Soil Bacteria
• Support and Protect
• Anticholinergics
• Glucocorticotherapy
• Leukotriene Antagonists
• Omalizumab and Specific Allergen
• Isolation of chitinase producing bacteria
• Selection of chitinase producing bacteria
• Antifungal activity against fusarium oxysporum from lilium rhizosphere soil
• Lilium rhizosphere soil
• Chitinase producing bacteria
• Heavy metal
• Antibiotics resistant
• Antibiotics resistant soil bacteria
• Myanmar industrial sites
• Indicator bacteria
• Slanted soil system
• Organic matter from greywater
• Fecal bacteria
• Slanted soil design
• Colony bacteria
• Isolation of protease producing bacteria
• Protease producing bacteria
• Soil and characterization
• Characterization of the protease
• Tạp chí Khoa học công nghệ và Thực phẩm
• Bioremediation of soil containing dioxins
• Bacteria in crude oil
• Soil containing dioxins
• Water phase in crude oil
• Dioxin in soil could decompose
• PhosphateSolubilizing Bacteria (PSB)
• Biochemical characterization
• Rhizosphere soil of rice
• Characterization of phosphate solublizing bacteria
• Phosphate solublizing bacteria
• Biological nitrogen fixation
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria
• Identification of nitrogenfixing bacteria isolated
• Agricultural soil
• 16S rRNA sequence similarity
• Bacillus subtilis
• Starch degrading bacteria isolated
• Amylase activity
• Amylase production
• Western ghats
• Indigenous acetic acid bacteria
• Western ghats soil samples
• Characterization of the indigenous acetic acid bacteria
• 16s rRNA analysis technique
• Isolation of bioflocculant producing bacteria
• Identification of bioflocculant producing bacteria
• Cassava cultivated soil in Viet Nam
• Indole 3 acetic acid
• Agricultural science
• Acclimatization of Atrazine resistant soil bacteria
• Atrazine resistant bacteria
• Half the recommended dose
• Exhibited remarkable stimulation
• Zinc and iron solubilising microorganisms
• Soil microbial count
• Zinc solubilising bacteria and fungi
• Zinc solubilising bacteria
• Nitrogen fixers
• Biochemical tests
• Rhizosphere soil
• Identification of diazotrophic bacteria
• Soil samples were collected
• L asparaginase
• Partial purification
• Soil samples
• Bacteria isolated from soil samples
• Partial purification of L Asparaginase
• Nutrient uptake
• Soil nitrogen
• Soil nitrogen balance study
• Sugarcane under drip irrigation
• Endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria
• Isolation and identification
• Chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria
• Rice upland crop soil
• The mekong delta
• The bacterial strains
• Pikovaskaya’s agar medium
• PSB and bacillus subtilis
• Maize rhizosphere soil
• Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
• Characterization and identification
• Pikovsakaya’s medium
• Paddy rhizosphere soil
• Isolation and screening
• Solubilization efficiency
• BLB (Xanthomonas oryzae pv
• oryzae)
• Yield loss
• Line x tester
• Sodic soil
• Bacteria leaf
• Heavy metal tolerance
• Indigenous bacteria isolated
• Petroleum contaminated soil sediments
• Their aromatic hydrocarbon degradation potential
• Heavy metals
• Zinc solubilizing bacteria
• Isolation and screening of potassium
• Screening of potassium
• College farm Rajendranagar PJTSAU Hyderabad
• Vigna radiata
• Ipomoea aquatica
• Mung bean
• Water spinach
• Sulphur oxidising bacteria
• Sandy soil under green house conditions
• Arbuscular mycorrhizal
• Allium cepa L
• Bacterial diversity
• Bacteria in the rhizosphere
• Biodiversity of bacteria
• Solanum melongena L
• Soil that is directly influenced
• Electrical conductivity
• Soil fungi
• Soil actinomycetes
• Dehydrogenase activity