tailieunhanh - Culture of Silence

Most interesting was the discovery that cytochrome P450 aromatase, which is capable of converting androgens into estrogens, is present in the testis [25–39]. During this same period of discovery, others were using the radioim- munoassay to identify steroids present in body fluids and estrogen concentrations were found to be relatively high in seminal and rete testis plasma [40–48]. Thus, up to the 1990's it appears that most scientific inquiry into estro- gen's presence in the male remained a curiosity, as well as a worry that estrogen exposure during development was harmful. Then, in the decade of the 90's new discoveries in the male led to the hypothesis that estrogen not only has. | A brief on reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan Culture of Silence By Munawar Sultana Introduction Previous research on the reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan has not addressed the diversity of adolescent experiences based on social status residence and gender. To understand the transition from adolescence to adulthood more fully it is important to assess social economic and cultural aspects of that transition. This brief presents the experience of married and unmarried young people males and females from different social strata and residence regarding their own attitudes and expectations about reproductive health. Puberty The onset of puberty a physical marker of maturity brings gender-defined changes in the lives of adolescents. In general these changes increase the opportunities for boys and limit avenues available to girls. On average young women experience puberty at age while young men attain puberty later at about age 15. Today in Pakistan there is a fairly long gap between puberty and marriage for both boys and girls about years for boys and years for girls. f 1XZ Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan More young people aged 15-24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history - an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people in Pakistan the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented here comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001-02 A Nationally Representative Survey - the largest such survey focusing on young people. The survey sought information from youth aged 15-24 responsible adults parents where possible in the household where young interviewees lived and other community members in each of the 254 communities where the survey took place. A total of 6 585 households were visited and 8 074 young people were interviewed. Proportion .