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STEAM JET REFRIGERATION INDIRECT REFRIGERATION Use of Ice SYSTEM COMPONENTS Compressors Condensers Evaporators Expansion Devices DEFROSTMETHODS Hot Refrigerant Gas Defrost Air and Water Defrost SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS REFRIGERATION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 1894 1894 1897 1897 1897 1901 1903 1905 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910 1881 1881 1882 | CHAPTER 62 REFRIGERATION Dennis L. O Neal Texas A M University College Station Texas K. W. Cooper K. E. Hickman Borg Warner Corporation York Pennsylvania INTRODUCTION 1879 STEAM JET BASIC PRINCIPLES 1880 REFRIGERATION CYCLES AND SYSTEM OVERVIEW 1881 Closed-Cycle Operation 1881 Open-Cycle Operation 1882 REFRIGERANTS 1883 Regulations on the Production and Use of Refrigerants 1888 Refrigerant Selection for the Closed Cycle 1888 Refrigerant Selection for the Open Cycle 1891 ABSORPTION SYSTEMS 1891 Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption Chillers 1892 Ammonia-Water Absorption Systems 1893 REFRIGERATION 1894 INDIRECT REFRIGERATION 1894 Use of Ice 1897 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 1897 Compressors 1897 Condensers 1901 Evaporators 1903 Expansion Devices 1905 DEFROST METHODS 1909 Hot Refrigerant Gas Defrost 1909 Air and Water Defrost 1910 SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1910 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 1910 INTRODUCTION Refrigeration is the use of mechanical or heat-activated machinery for cooling purposes. The use of refrigeration equipment to produce temperatures below -150 C is known as cryogenics. When refrigeration equipment is used to provide human comfort it is called air conditioning. This chapter focuses primarily on refrigeration applications covering such diverse uses as food processing and storage supermarket display cases skating rinks ice manufacture and biomedical applications such as blood and tissue storage or hypothermia used in surgery. The first patent on a mechanically driven refrigeration system was issued to Jacob Perkins in 1834 in The system used ether as the refrigerant. The first viable commercial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and D. E. Siebe and used ethyl ether as the Revised from Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 3rd ed. Volume 20 Wiley New York .