tailieunhanh - Tropical Agroecosystems - Chapter 7

Nhiệt đới nông nghiệp Cảnh Cảnh giữ trong họ dấu vết của các chòm sao của các lực lượng mà họ đã được tiếp xúc. Cho dù tự nhiên hoặc quản lý, cảnh quan vật lý là đối tượng sự năng động của cơ quan con người và các quá trình thiên nhiên. nông nghiệp cảnh quan bởi bản chất của họ xuất hiện từ cả hai lực lượng tự nhiên và con người. | Chapter 7 Tropical Agricultural Landscapes Robert A. Rice contents Introduction Widespread Change in Cropping Area Traditional Agricultural Landscapes Subsistence Cropping Systems The Question of the Small Farm Agroforestry Systems Traditional Agroexport Cropping Systems Coffee Cacao Cane Sugar Bananas Irrigation Nontraditional and Temperate Crop Landscapes in the Tropics Fruits Vegetables Flowers Seeds Quintessential Nontraditional Agricultural Exports NTAEs Conceptualizing the Process References introduction Landscapes hold within them traces of the constellation of forces to which they have been exposed. Whether natural or managed the physical landscape is subjected to the dynamism of human agency and natural processes. Agricultural landscapes by their very nature emerge from forces both natural and human. Climate and geography obviously affect the degree and distribution of agricultural imprints upon 2003 by CRC Press LLC the Earth s surface Rice and Vandermeer 1990 . Yet in the quest to evaluate or understand tropical agricultural landscapes recognizing the interplay of human agency and natural forces is only part of the equation. There is a hidden landscape as well. It is the socioeconomic landscape lying behind or alongside the physical landscape features. It is what Don Mitchell has deemed the lie of the land Mitchell 1996 . In considering tropical agricultural landscapes it is worthwhile imperative even that we seek to understand both the physical and the social. Agriculture that most direct and intimate complex involving human agency and the Earth reflects the results of a globalized world in the physical and social landscapes it both creates and absorbs. An array of trajectories linked to food and fiber production contends with realities grounded in specific coordinates upon the Earth s surface and through such actions simultaneously recontours agroecosystems and social relations. In short a restructuring of economies local and global works to rearrange