tailieunhanh - Tropical Agroecosystems - Chapter 3

Bất kỳ côn trùng, mầm bệnh, hoặc thực vật không mong muốn mà thực sự hoặc có khả năng nguyên nhân trực tiếp thiệt hại hoặc cạnh tranh với các cây trồng có thể được coi là một dịch hại. Nhưng thuật ngữ này nên được hạn chế cho những trường hợp dân số nhiều hay mức độ nghiêm trọng của thiệt hại gây ra các sinh vật như vậy là đủ cao để gây ra thiệt hại về tầm quan trọng kinh tế. Nói cách khác từ, sâu bệnh sinh vật không phải là bản chất "xấu". Thay vào đó, tình trạng của. | Chapter 3 Pest Management in Mesoamerican Agroecosystems Luko Hilje Carlos M. Araya and Bernal E. Valverde contents Introduction The Biophysical and Agricultural Context Climate and Biogeography Agronomic Characterization Pest Management Approaches Historical Pest Control Approaches IPM in Mesoamerica Current Issues Related to IPM IPM and the Paradigm of Sustainability IPM as an Interdisciplinary Approach Decision Criteria in IPM IPM Implementation IPM and the Agrichemical Industry IPM and Biodiversity IPM and Genetically Modified Crops IPM and Novel Models for Crop Production Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 2003 by CRC Press LLC INTRODUCTION Any insect pathogen or undesirable plant that actually or potentially causes direct damage or competes with crops can be considered a pest. But this term should be restricted to those cases in which population abundance or severity of damage inflicted by such organisms is high enough to cause losses of economic importance. In other words pest organisms are not intrinsically bad. Instead their status is an indication of disturbance of agroecosystem components that lead to undesirable increases in their population levels Huffaker Messenger and DeBach 1971 Spahillari et al. 1999 . In the past 60 years chemical pesticides have been the preferred method to control pests worldwide. Nonetheless the recognition and documentation of many unwanted agroecological environmental social and economic problems resulting from pesticide overuse has led scientists to look for alternatives among which integrated pest management IPM has been the most common Stern et al. 1959 National Academy of Sciences 1969 Bottrell 1979 Kogan 1998 . Since its origin Stern et al. 1959 IPM has gained acceptance and support from research and educational institutions and scientists extension agents growers the general public and even agrichemical companies. In developed countries there is an amazing wealth of conceptual and practical information as .