tailieunhanh - Thermochemical Processes Episode 6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'thermochemical processes episode 6', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 140 Thermochemical Processes Principles and Models Before leaving metallic catalysts it is interesting to note that it was at first thought that the formation of iron carbide Fe3C played an important intermediate role in the Fischer-Tropsch process. Although this has not been proved to occur nevertheless some metal carbides such as WC Mo2C and VC are finding useful application in the production of organic species. One aspect of these compounds is that the tendency to form surface oxycarbide phases which also act as catalysts makes some new organic syntheses possible in an oxygen and sulphur-containing atmosphere. Catalysis by metal oxides Metal oxides present structures of a wide range from the alkaline earth oxides with the simple rocksalt structure to the cage-like structures of the zeolites and the Ruddlesden-Popper phases in which layers of rocksalt structure are interspersed with perovskite unit cells as in the ceramic superconductors. The oxygen anions which dominate the surface structures of oxides are coordinated with metal ions of varying ionic charge and cation size and thus the overall spacing between the anions varies with the cationic radius providing a significant variable in the fit of adsorbed molecules on the oxide surface. Many cations can exist in more than one valency in the same oxide leading to semiconduction or even metallic conduction depending on the particular cation and the oxygen potential of the gas phase. It is clear that oxides are very versatile catalysts and a wide range of studies have been made to compare the efficiencies of a number of oxides for the catalysis of a particular reaction. One feature of oxides is that like all substances they contain point defects which are most usually found on the cation lattice as interstitial ions vacancies or ions with a higher charge than the bulk of the cations referred to as positive holes because their effect of oxygen partial pressure on the electrical conductivity is the opposite of that

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